Validation of damage on vascular endothelial cells under ultrasound exposure according to adhered situation of bubbles

Abstract We investigated the viability of vascular endothelial cells with existence lipid bubbles under ultrasound exposure. First, we estimated various situations on including either adhesion, floating, or both them using not only image analysis but also an experiment to retain in flow. Then examined measurement conditions frequency 3 MHz, a maximum sound pressure 400 kPa pp, and irradiation time 60 s. found that floating caused more damage rather than adhered bubbles. Because insufficient adhesion might cause by bubbles, consider were protective against However, excessive higher concentration saturation destructing